Principii de dirijare si taxare a apelurilor internationale

                                   Cuprins
|Memoriu                                                     |1   |
|Tehnic......................................................|    |
|..........................                                  |    |
|                                                            |    |
|Capitolul I. Sistemul de telefonie celulară                 |4   |
|GSM.............................                            |    |
|  A. Prezentare de                                          |4   |
|ansamblu....................................................|    |
|........                                                    |    |
|Realizarea şi dezvoltarea GSM                               |4   |
|(Istoric)...................................                |7   |
|Performanţe                                                 |9   |
|GSM.........................................................|    |
|............                                                |    |
|Servicii                                                    |    |
|GSM.........................................................|    |
|...................                                         |    |
|  B. Subsistemele reţelei                                   |16  |
|GSM.........................................................|    |
|.                                                           |    |
|     1) Subsistemul RADIO                                   |17  |
|(RSS).......................................................|    |
|          a. Echipamentul                                   |17  |
|mobil.......................................................|    |
|.......                                                     |    |
|          b. Subsistemele staţiilor de bază (BTS, BSC)      |18  |
|..........................                                  |    |
|     2) Subsistemul                                         |21  |
|REŢEA.......................................................|    |
|...........                                                 |    |
|         a. Centrala pentru abonaţii mobili                 |21  |
|(MSC)..................................                     |    |
|         b. Centrul de verificare a autenticităţii          |21  |
|(AUC)...........................                            |    |
|         c. Bazele de                                       |22  |
|date........................................................|    |
|.................                                           |    |
|         d. Module                                          |24  |
|funcţionale.................................................|    |
|...............                                             |    |
|     3) Subsistemul de exploatare şi                        |26  |
|întreţinere....................................             |    |
|         a. Centrul de exploatare şi întreţinere            |26  |
|(OMC)............................                           |    |
|         b. Centrul de management al reţelei                |27  |
|(NMC)..............................                         |    |
|Capitolul II. Managementul reţelelor                        |29  |
|GSM.....................................                    |    |
|Prezentare                                                  |29  |
|generală....................................................|    |
|..............                                              |    |
| B. Modelul reţelei de management al                        |31  |
|telecomunicaţiilor(TMN).                                    |    |
|     1) Managementul elementelor de reţea                   |33  |
|(NE).................................                       |    |
|     2) Managementul                                        |33  |
|reţelei.....................................................|    |
|...........                                                 |    |
|     3) Managementul serviciilor şi relaţiilor între        |34  |
|instituţii.................                                 |    |
| C. Reţeaua de management de                                |36  |
|telecomunicaţii.............................                |    |
|     1) Configuraţia ierarhică a reţelei de                 |36  |
|management........................                          |    |
|     2) Subsistemul NMC în reţeaua de comunicaţii           |37  |
|mobile................                                      |    |
| D. Obiectivele                                             |37  |
|TMN-ului....................................................|    |
|.............                                               |    |
|     1) Probleme specifice ale managementului pentru reţele |    |
|publice mobile                                              |39  |
|PLMN........................................................|    |
|.............................                               |    |
| E. Arhitectura generală a                                  |    |
|TMN......................................................   |40  |
|     1) Arhitectura funcţională a                           |41  |
|TMN.................................................        |    |
|        a. Puncte de legătură                               |43  |
|TMN.........................................................|    |
|     2) Arhitectura structurală a                           |44  |
|TMN...................................................      |    |
|     3) Arhitectura informaţiei în                          |46  |
|TMN................................................         |    |
|        a. Modul de organizare orientat pe obiecte OO       |46  |
|.........................                                   |    |
|        b. Relaţiile dintre OBIECTE / MANAGER / AGENT       |47  |
|..............                                              |    |
|       c. Arhitectura interfeţei                            |49  |
|Q3..........................................................|    |
|       d. Modelul                                           |50  |
|OSI.........................................................|    |
|....................                                        |    |
|Capitolul III. Managementul                                 |51  |
|comunicaţiei......................................          |    |
|  A.                                                        |53  |
|Comunicaţia.................................................|    |
|...............................                             |    |
|     1)                                                     |53  |
|Utilizatorii................................................|    |
|..................................                          |    |
|     2) Reţeaua                                             |54  |
|partener....................................................|    |
|....................                                        |    |
|     3) Tipuri de                                           |54  |
|servicii....................................................|    |
|....................                                        |    |
|     4) Faza activă şi faza în                              |55  |
|aşteptare...................................................|    |
|  B. Funcţiile                                              |56  |
|managementului..............................................|    |
|...........                                                 |    |
|  C. Controlul                                              |59  |
|apelurilor..................................................|    |
|.................                                           |    |
|     1) Metode de                                           |59  |
|numerotare..................................................|    |
|.............                                               |    |
|       a. Numărul de identitate internaţională a abonatului |59  |
|(IMSI).......                                               |    |
|       b. Numărul de identitate temporară a abonatului      |60  |
|(TMSI)............                                          |    |
|       c. Numărul ISDN al abonatului mobil                  |61  |
|(MSISDN)......................                              |    |
|       d. Numărul flotant al abonatului mobil               |61  |
|(MSRN).........................                             |    |
|     2) Principii de dirijare a apelului spre un abonat     |62  |
|mobil.................                                      |    |
|     3) Taxarea (cine şi ce                                 |64  |
|plăteşte?)..................................................|    |
|...                                                         |    |
|     4) Funcţiile                                           |69  |
|GMSC........................................................|    |
|.................                                           |    |
|     5) Componente ale unei rute de                         |73  |
|apel..............................................          |    |
|     6) De unde provine informaţia de                       |75  |
|dirijare?....................................               |    |
|     7) Problema serviciilor multiple                       |78  |
|(Multiservicii)............................                 |    |
|     8) Servicii de                                         |80  |
|date........................................................|    |
|..................                                          |    |
|     9) Impactul redirijării apelurilor asupra              |81  |
|rutării..............................                       |    |
|  D. Protocoale de semnalizare implicate în controlul       |82  |
|apelurilor.                                                 |    |
|     1) Proceduri elementare componente ale                 |84  |
|semnalizărilor...............                               |    |
|       a. Cererea de conectare a MS la                      |84  |
|sistem........................................              |    |
|       b. Procedura de avertizare                           |85  |
|(paging).............................................       |    |
|       c. Procedura de                                      |86  |
|identificare................................................|    |
|..........                                                  |    |
|       d. Procedura de                                      |86  |
|autentificare...............................................|    |
|.........                                                   |    |
|       e.                                                   |87  |
|Cifrarea....................................................|    |
|.................................                           |    |
|       f. Terminarea                                        |88  |
|apelului....................................................|    |
|..............                                              |    |
|       g. Ataşarea (înregistrarea) la sistem pe baza        |88  |
|IMSI......................                                  |    |
|       h. Detaşarea de                                      |90  |
|sistem......................................................|    |
|............                                                |    |
|    2) Procedura de stabilire a apelului iniţiat de pe mobil|    |
|(staţia mobilă este                                         |90  |
|apelantul)..................................................|    |
|.......................                                     |    |
|       a. Fluxul de semnal pentru un apel iniţializat pe    |92  |
|mobil...............                                        |    |
|       b. Cooperarea protocoalelor pentru servirea          |95  |
|apelurilor................                                  |    |
|       c. Numărul abonatului                                |98  |
|destinaţie................................................. |    |
|       d. Progresul apelului (procedeul de stabilire a      |100 |
|legăturii).............                                     |    |
|       e. Semnalizări suplimentare în bază pentru transmisii|100 |
|de date....                                                 |    |
|    3) Procedura de stabilire a apelului terminat în mobil  |    |
|(staţia mobilă este apelatul)                               |101 |
|............................................................|    |
|..............                                              |    |
|      a. Apel în aşteptare                                  |104 |
|............................................................|    |
|...........                                                 |    |
|      b. Răspuns                                            |104 |
|automat.....................................................|    |
|..................                                          |    |
|      c. Cooperarea protocoalelor în cazul MT               |104 |
|.....................................                       |    |
|      d. Progresul                                          |105 |
|apelurilor..................................................|    |
|.................                                           |    |
|   4) Apeluri MS-MS în aceiaşi arie de control              |107 |
|BSC...........................                              |    |
|   5) Procedurile de                                        |109 |
|interogare..................................................|    |
|...........                                                 |    |
|   6) Eliberarea                                            |110 |
|apelului....................................................|    |
|...................                                         |    |
| E. Servicii suplimentare                                   |112 |
|(SS)........................................................|    |
|...                                                         |    |
|  1) Caracteristici                                         |112 |
|generale....................................................|    |
|...............                                             |    |
|  2) Tipuri de servicii                                     |113 |
|suplimentare................................................|    |
|.....                                                       |    |
|  3) Servicii                                               |113 |
|alternative.................................................|    |
|.......................                                     |    |
|  4) Preluarea mai multor                                   |115 |
|apeluri.....................................................|    |
|...                                                         |    |
|  5) Transmiterea tonurilor                                 |118 |
|audio.......................................................|    |
|.                                                           |    |
|  6) Managementul serviciilor                               |118 |
|suplimentare.......................................         |    |
|      a.                                                    |119 |
|Arhitectura.................................................|    |
|................................                            |    |
|      b.                                                    |120 |
|Proceduri...................................................|    |
|................................                            |    |
| F. Serviciul de mesaje scurte                              |122 |
|(SMS)...............................................        |    |
|   1)                                                       |123 |
|Arhitectura.................................................|    |
|..................................                          |    |
|   2) Mesaje iniţializate de pe aparatul mobil              |124 |
|(MO)............................                            |    |
|   3) Mesaje terminate în aparatul mobil                    |125 |
|(MT)....................................                    |    |
|Capitolul IV. DIRECŢII DE DEZVOLTARE ÎN                     |130 |
|GSM..................                                       |    |
|   Serviciul                                                |130 |
|GPRS........................................................|    |
|.......................                                     |    |
|     1) Principalele caracteristici de utilizare a          |130 |
|serviciului GPRS........                                    |    |
|     2) Principalele caracteristici ale reţelei             |132 |
|GPRS...............................                         |    |
|     3) Limitele serviciului                                |134 |
|GPRS........................................................|    |
|.                                                           |    |
|     4) Aplicaţii pentru                                    |136 |
|GPRS........................................................|    |
|.......                                                     |    |
|     5) Alte provocări legate de                            |142 |
|GPRS..................................................      |    |
|Capitolul V. Aplicaţie – Principii de dirijare şi taxare a  |    |
|apelurilor internaţionale de la un abonat al PSTN spre un   |    |
|abonat                                                      |145 |
|GSM.........................................................|    |
|..........................................                  |    |
|                                                            |    |
|Abrevieri...................................................|150 |
|..........................................                  |    |
|                                                            |    |
|Bibliografie................................................|153 |
|.........................................                   |    |
Anexe