Fortress Denmark

1. Introduction 5
1.1 Problem Formulation 6
2. Denmark within a European Context 6
3. Methodology 9
3.1 Research-design 9
3.2 Epistemological and Ontological Stance 9
3.3 Empirical Work 10
3.4 Limitations 10
4. Theory 11
4.1 Liberal Democracy 11
4.2 Integration Processes 12
4.3 Multiculturalism 13
4.4 Assimilation 14
4.5 Critical Considerations 15
4.6 Integration Dualities 16
4.7 Integration Policies through Three Analytical Dimensions 16
4.8 Exploring Integration Processes 20
4.8.1 Multisectoral Framework 20
5. Analysis 22
5.1 Declaration of Multi- or Monoculturalism 22
5.1.1 Liberal Constitutions – Room for Multiculturalism 23
5.1.2 Firm and Fair Immigration Policy 23
5.1.3 Discontinuity between Liberal Values and Restrictive Policies 25
5.2 School Curriculum 25
5.2.1 Making Room for Multiculturalism in School Curriculum 26
5.2.2 Superior Danish Values 26
5.3 Media and Ethnic Representation 28
5.3.1 Multiculturalism in Public Media 28
5.3.2 Lack of Sensitivity and Representation 29
5.4 Religious and Cultural Symbols 31
5.4.1 Multiculturalism Apparent 31
5.4.2 Assimilation through Prohibition 31
5.5. Dual Citizenship 34
5.5.1 Multiculturalism in the Form of Dual Citizenship 34
5.5.2 Assimilation in the Form of Single Citizenship 35
5.6 Funding 36
5.6.1 Multicultural Support 36
5.6.2 Supporting National Cultural Values 37
5.7 Mother-tongue 39
5.7.1 Language Diversity in School 40
5.7.2 The Preservation of Danish 40
5.8 Affirmative Actions 44
5.8.1 Multiculturalism and Affirmative Action 44
5.8.2 Affirmative Actions Throughout Denmark? 46
6. Denmark – An Illiberal Democracy? 49
7. Immigration, Integration & Human Rights 50
7.1 Human Rights and Residence Permit 50
7.2 Family Reunification and Human Rights 53
7.3 Religion, Culture and Human Rights 54
7.4 Conclusion on human rights section 56
8. A Multifaceted Integration Outcome 56
8.1.1 State 57
8.1.2 Market 57
8.1.3 Welfare 59
8.1.4 Culture 59
8.2 Public Attitude as a Facet 60
9. Conclusion 61
10. Bibliography 63